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      • Trusted Partner
        2020

        Mutschler’s Drug Actions

        Pharmacology – Clinical Pharmacology – Toxicology

        by Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerd Geisslinger, Dr. Sabine Menzel, Prof. Dr. Thomas Gudermann, Prof. Dr. Burkhard Hinz and Prof. Dr. Peter Ruth. Founded by Prof. Dr. Dr. Dres. h.c. Ernst Mutschler

        For half a century, “Mutschler” has been the standard reference work on pharmacology and toxicology – always forward-looking and at the cutting edge. The 11th edition continues this approach: ■ Up-to-the-minute: new drugs, including biologicals, relevant guidelines in the context of evidence-based medicine ■ Clearly structured: completely new layout with the focus on indication-related pharmacotherapy; uniformly constructed concise chapters ■ Well-illustrated: with many figures and tables, completely revised ■ Easy to remember: readily understandable explanations – even of complex issues ■ Critical: objective, independent assessment of the clinical value of drugs and drug groups ■ Comprehensive: with short introductions into the principles of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology in the individual chapters ■ Reliable: full coverage of the subjects usually tested in the medical and pharmaceutical state examinations   The proven source for complete knowledge about the actions of drugs: for students and practitioners.

      • Trusted Partner
        Medicine
        August 2019

        A Handbook of Environmental Toxicology

        Human Disorders and Ecotoxicology

        by J P F D'Mello

        In Environmental Toxicology the authors focus on two key aspects: human disorders and ecotoxicology as affected by major toxins original from biology sources and pollutants and radiation generated spontaneously or as a result of anthropogenic activity. A diverse array of these potentially harmful agents regularly appear in the atmosphere, soil, water and food, compromising both human health and biodiversity in natural and managed ecosystems. This book: - provides authoritative reviews together with specialist short communications to complement the main chapters and address contemporary issues with important case studies; - explores the cutting edge of research and also indicates the likely direction of future developments; - contains extensive coverage of toxicants that are of significant current interest and will be of increasing concern for many years to come; and - encourages international cooperation in future research on pollution and other environmental agents causing harm to human health and degradation of natural habitats in the ecosystem. Written by an international team of authors from a range of educational, medical and research establishments, this book is an essential reference for advanced students and researchers in the areas of environmental sciences, ecology, agriculture, environmental health and medicine, in addition to industry and government personnel responsible for environmental regulations and directives.

      • Trusted Partner
        Dietetics & nutrition
        April 2011

        Chemical Food Safety

        by Leon Brimer, Mette Tingleff Skaanild

        Chemical food safety deals with all aspects of chemical risks in the food chain, predominantly with the biologically active components of food, additives, contaminants and their toxicology. Preventing the contamination of food with problematic chemical compounds requires a thorough understanding of how compounds enter and pass through the food production process, in addition to toxicology and risk management. Chemical Food Safety covers the underlying principles and applied science required to understand, analyse and take professional action on food safety problems and questions that call for interventions at a local, national or international level. The text follows food contaminants through the production and processing of plant, fungal, algal and animal foods, including oral exposure and intestinal absorption. Risk assessment is explained in the context of targeted future risk management and risk communication, with a view to assessing, managing and communicating risk in the food chain. Chemical Food Safety is ideal for higher level students as well as those working in the food production industry, consultants and national food authorities.

      • Trusted Partner
        Plant physiology
        April 2015

        Amino Acids in Higher Plants

        by Edited by J P F D'Mello.

        Amino acids play a role in the defence mechanisms and stress responses of plants, as well as in food quality and safety for humans and animals. Recent advances in the field make a comprehensive overview of the information a necessity; this book collates chapters on plant enzymes and metabolism, modulation, molecular aspects and secondary products. Also including information on ecology, the environment and mammalian nutrition and toxicology, it provides an authoritative resource.

      • Trusted Partner
        Pest control
        March 2002

        Molluscs as Crop Pests

        by Edited by Gary M Barker

        Mollusc species currently constitute a major threat to sustainable agriculture. This threat is associated with cultivation of new crops, intensification of agricultural production systems and the spread through human trade and travel of species adapted to these modified environments. In some crops their significance is only now becoming apparent with the decline in the importance of other pest groups which can be effectively controlled. The book focuses on: toxicology of chemicals; deployment of molluscicides in baits; specific crop situations worldwide; current pest status of mollusc species and progress towards development of solutions.

      • Trusted Partner
        Botany & plant sciences
        June 2007

        Poisonous Plants

        Global Research and Solutions

        by Edited by Kip Panter, Terrie L Wierenga, James Pfister

        Despite decades of research, poisonous plants continue to be responsible for large economic losses to livestock producers throughout the world. As the expansion into rural areas and the use of rangelands increases, an understanding of plant toxicology has become ever more important. This book represents the product of a wide-range of research aimed at solving the various issues surrounding poisonous plants. Broader themes include plant biochemistry, toxic effects in animals and humans, and rangeland management approaches to prevent poisoning amongst others. Individual chapters address plant animal relationships, various classes of secondary plant compounds, isolation, identification and effects of these toxins on biological mammalian systems and analytical methods, diagnostic tools and management strategies for plant toxicoses in animals and humans.

      • Trusted Partner
        Medicine
        June 2012

        Poison, detection and the Victorian imagination

        by Ian Burney, Bertrand Taithe, Roger Cooter, Carolyn Steedman

        This fascinating book looks at the phenomenon of murder and poisoning in the nineteenth century. Focusing on the case of William Palmer, a medical doctor who in 1856 was convicted of murder by poisoning, it examines how his case baffled toxicologists, doctors, detectives and judges. The investigation commences with an overview of the practice of toxicology in the Victorian era, and goes on to explore the demands imposed by legal testimony on scientific work to convict criminals. In addressing Palmer's trial, Burney focuses on the testimony of Alfred Swaine Taylor, a leading expert on poisons, and integrates the medical, legal and literary evidence to make sense of the trial itself and the sinister place of poison in wider Victorian society. Ian Burney has produced an exemplary work of cultural history, mixing a keen understanding of the contemporary social and cultural landscape with the scientific and medical history of the period. ;

      • Trusted Partner
        May 2021

        The Constituents of Medicinal Plants

        by Andrew Pengelly

        A classic in the literature of herbal medicine, this book explains in simple terms the commonly occurring chemical constituents of medicinal plants, and how these react with the human body. The major classes of plant constituents, such as phenols, terpenes and polysaccharides, are described both in terms of their chemical structures and their pharmacological activities.The last 20 years has seen huge growth in research output in phytochemistry, and this edition has been thoroughly revised to incorporate up-to-date research. It contains a new chapter on resins and cannabinoids, and additional content on macrocarpals, essential oil chemotypes, mushroom polysaccharides, phytochemical synergy, and toxicology of phytochemicals.Features include:· Over 200 diagrams of chemical structures· Coverage of energetics, synergism and the emerging field of network pharmacology· New content on seaweeds and fungi, and polyphenol-rich foods· References to primary research literature in pharmacy, pharmacology, chemistry, plant biology, molecular biology, integrative medicine and many other disciplinesWritten by an experienced herbal practitioner, The Constituents of Medicinal Plants has become a standard textbook for courses on plant-based medicine. It is also an essential desktop reference for health practitioners, lecturers, researchers, producers, and anyone with an interest in how medicinal herbs work. Table of contents 1: Introduction to Phytochemistry 2: Phenols 3: Polyphenols – tannins and flavonoids 4: Glycosides 5: Terpenes 6: Triterpenoids and saponins 7: Resins and cannabinoids 8: Essential oils 9: Polysaccharides 10: Alkaloids 11: Plant lipids and alklylamides

      • Trusted Partner
        Botany & plant sciences
        November 2010

        Natural Products in Plant Pest Management

        by Nawal Kishore Dubey, Santos Mila, Sanath Hettiarachi, R N Kharwar, Moshe Kostyukovsky, Sonia Marín, D B Olufolaji, Roman Pavela, Maria Porras, J C Pretorius, Larisa Sheherbakova, K A Raveesha, H N Verma. Edited by Nawal Kishore Dubey.

        Overzealous and indiscriminate use of many synthetic pesticides during recent decades in the control of plant pests has resulted in a number of environmental and toxicological problems. Reducing the release of synthetic chemicals into the environment requires that alternative sources of chemicals are developed that can be used safely in the management of plant pests. Botanical antimicrobials derived from plants are currently recognised as biodegradable, systemic, eco-friendly and non-toxic to mammals and are thus considered safe. Their modes of action against pests are diverse. Natural compounds are well suited to organic food production in industrialised countries and can play greater roles in the protection of food crops in developing countries Some plant based antimicrobials (e.g. neem products, pyrethoids and essential oils) are already used to manage pest populations on a large scale. Plant scientists and agriculturists now devote significant attention to discovery and further development and formulation of novel plant products with antimicrobial activity.This book is the first to bring together relevant aspects of the basic and applied sciences of natural pesticides and discussed modern trends in the use of natural products in pest management.

      • Trusted Partner
        January 2019

        Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry, Revised Edition

        by Suzanne Bell, Ph.D.

        Forensic chemists and toxicologists work with drugs and poisons, but they each start with different evidence. Forensic chemists working in a crime lab must determine if the physical evidence they receive is an illegal substance such as marijuana or cocaine. They are also responsible for samples—including fire debris, soil, paint, glass, explosives, and fibers—obtained from suspected arson crimes. Toxicologists, on the other hand, work with biological evidence such as blood, saliva, urine, and feces, using analytical chemistry to identify chemical traces and unmetabolized drugs. They often work in labs associated with a medical examiner’s office or a hospital.Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry, Revised Edition touches on all aspects of forensic chemistry, including how it developed and what it includes today. This useful eBook covers a short history of forensic chemistry, detailing the story of arsenic and those who developed effective tests to detect it. Delving into the tools and techniques used by forensic chemists—ranging from such familiar tools as the microscope to slightly more obscure tools as the use of antibodies to detect toxins—this comprehensive resource provides a thorough examination of these three main areas of forensic chemistry. Chapters include: History and Pioneers Scientific Principles, Instrumentation, and Equipment Toxicology: Drugs and Poisons in the Body Forensic Drug Analysis Conclusions: The Future of Drugs, Poisons, and Chemistry.

      • Trusted Partner
        Medicine
        May 2018

        Veterinary Clinical Skills Manual

        by Nichola Coombes, Ayona Silva-Fletcher

        Down-to-earth and intensely practical, this book and video package provides step-by-step guidance on the essential clinical skills required by veterinary students before they face clinical situations encountered in the real world of the busy veterinary professional. - Contains step by step illustrations and photographs, complemented by videos of clinical procedures which can be viewed on your desktop, smartphone or tablet. - Covers the essential key skills that veterinary students need to know. - Details a whole range of techniques, from surgical, anaesthesia and laboratory through to everyday essential and diagnostic skills, in both farm and companion animals. - Describes in-depth the use of simulators in learning key skills. - Provides advice on preparing for OSCEs and practical exams. This book is the go-to manual for an essential grounding in key veterinary clinical skills for all students and educators of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry.

      • Pollution & threats to the environment
        November 2000

        Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment

        by Committee on Developmental Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council

        Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment reviews advances made during the last 10-15 years in fields such as developmental biology, molecular biology, and genetics. It describes a novel approach for how these advances might be used in combination with existing methodologies to further the understanding of mechanisms of developmental toxicity, to improve the assessment of chemicals for their ability to cause developmental toxicity, and to improve risk assessment for developmental defects. For example, based on the recent advances, even the smallest, simplest laboratory animals such as the fruit fly, roundworm, and zebrafish might be able to serve as developmental toxicological models for human biological systems. Use of such organisms might allow for rapid and inexpensive testing of large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause developmental toxicity; presently, there are little or no developmental toxicity data available for the majority of natural and manufactured chemicals in use. This new approach to developmental toxicology and risk assessment will require simultaneous research on several fronts by experts from multiple scientific disciplines, including developmental toxicologists, developmental biologists, geneticists, epidemiologists, and biostatisticians.

      • Pollution & threats to the environment
        August 2000

        Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals

        by Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council

        Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.

      • Pollution & threats to the environment
        September 2000

        Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury

        by Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council

        Mercury is widespread in our environment. Methylmercury, one organic form of mercury, can accumulate up the aquatic food chain and lead to high concentrations in predatory fish. When consumed by humans, contaminated fish represent a public health risk. Combustion processes, especially coal-fired power plants, are major sources of mercury contamination in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulating mercury emissions from those plants. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury reviews the health effects of methylmercury and discusses the estimation of mercury exposure from measured biomarkers, how differences between individuals affect mercury toxicity, and appropriate statistical methods for analysis of the data and thoroughly compares the epidemiological studies available on methylmercury. Included are discussions of current mercury levels on public health and a delineation of the scientific aspects and policy decisions involved in the regulation of mercury. This report is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the public health effects and regulation of mercury. The report also provides an excellent example of the implications of decisions in the risk assessment process for a larger audience.

      • Geography & the Environment
        August 2000

        Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals

        by National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals

        Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.

      • Pollution & threats to the environment
        October 2015

        Application of Modern Toxicology Approaches for Predicting Acute Toxicity for Chemical Defense

        by Committee on Predictive-Toxicology Approaches for Military Assessments of Acute Exposures; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Board on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

        The US Department of Defense (DOD) is faced with an overwhelming task in evaluating chemicals that could potentially pose a threat to its deployed personnel. There are over 84,000 registered chemicals, and testing them with traditional toxicity-testing methods is not feasible in terms of time or money. In recent years, there has been a concerted effort to develop new approaches to toxicity testing that incorporate advances in systems biology, toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, and computational toxicology. Given the advances, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine how DOD could use modern approaches for predicting chemical toxicity in its efforts to prevent debilitating, acute exposures to deployed personnel. This report provides an overall conceptual approach that DOD could use to develop a predictive toxicology system. Application of Modern Toxicology Approaches for Predicting Acute Toxicity for Chemical Defense reviews the current state of computational and high-throughput approaches for predicting acute toxicity and suggests methods for integrating data and predictions. This report concludes with lessons learned from current high-throughput screening programs and suggests some initial steps for DOD investment.

      • Pollution & threats to the environment
        September 2000

        Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process

        by Subcommittee on Toxicological Hazard and Risk Assessment, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council

        A large number of chemicals are used on land at shore facilities, in the air in combat and reconnaissance aircraft, on seas around the world in surface vessels, and in submarine vessels by the navy and marine corps. Although the chemicals used are for the large part harmless, there is a significant amount of chemicals in use that can be health hazards during specific exposure circumstances. The Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) is primarily tasked with assessing these hazards. The NEHC completes its tasks by reviewing toxicological and related data and preparing health-hazard assessments (HHAs) for the different chemicals. Since the NEHC is continually asked to develop these HHAs, the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to assess independently the validity and effectiveness of NEHC's HHA process, in order to determine whether the process as implemented provides the Navy with the best, comprehensive, and defensible evaluations of health hazards and to identify any elements that might require improvement. The task was assigned to the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology's Committee on Toxicology's (COT's) Subcommittee on Toxicological hazard and Risk Assessment. Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process presents the subcommittee's report. The report is the work of expertise in general toxicology, inhalation toxicology, epidemiology, neurotoxicology, immunotoxicology, reproductive and developmental toxicology, pharmacology, medicine, risk assessment, and biostatistics. It is based on its review of documents provided by NEHC, presentations by NEHC personnel, and site visits to NEHC in Norfolk, Virginia and an aircraft carrier in San Diego, California.

      • Warfare & defence
        June 2008

        Review of Toxicologic and Radiologic Risks to Military Personnel from Exposure to Depleted Uranium During and After Combat

        by Committee on Toxicologic and Radiologic Effects from Exposure to Depleted Uranium During and After Combat, Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council

        Since the 1980s, the U.S. military has used depleted uranium in munitions and in protective armor on tanks. Depleted uranium is a toxic heavy metal and is weakly radioactive. Concerns have been raised about the adverse health effects from exposure to depleted uranium that is aerosolized during combat. Some think it may be responsible for illnesses in exposed veterans and civilians. These concerns led the Army to commission a book, Depleted Uranium Aerosol Doses and Risks: Summary of U.S. Assessments, referred to as the Capstone Report that evaluates the health risks associated with depleted uranium exposure. This National Research Council book reviews the toxicologic, radiologic, epidemiologic, and toxicokinetic data on depleted uranium, and assesses the Army's estimates of health risks to personnel exposed during and after combat. The book recommends that the Army re-evaluate the basis for some of its predictions about health outcomes at low levels of exposure, but, overall, the Capstone Report was judged to provide a reasonable characterization of the exposure and risks from depleted uranium.

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