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Editora Hercules
A brazilian publishing house focused on selfhelp literature, esoterism and masonry and children's books. Our mission is to offer through words moments of unwinding and tranquility attached to a philosophical and esoteric learning experience. In this special edition of the Frankfurt Book Fair we will be displaying our new releases in the children's literature section, such as The Dreamy Dragon and The crystal Egg, by the brazillian actress and writer Norma Blum.
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Agriculture & related industriesNovember 2007Non Chemical Weed Management
Principles, Concepts and Technology
by Mahesh K Upadhyaya, Robert E Blackshaw
Following several decades of popularity after the Second World War, the use of synthetic herbicides is now experiencing a backlash within the agriculture industry.The increase in organic farming and concerns about potential negative effects on human health and the environment is creating a demand for pesticide-free food and alternative weed management techniques. International research has now explored the potential, limitations and impacts of non-chemical alternatives and the effect of different strategies on the entire agro- or natural ecosystem. Through the re-evaluation of techniques previously considered uneconomical or impractical, this text provides a comprehensive examination of non-chemical weed management.
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Technology, Engineering & AgricultureSeptember 2018A History of Pesticides
by Graham A Matthews
In this fascinating book, Graham Matthews takes the reader through the history of the development and use of chemicals for control of pests, weeds, and vectors of disease. Prior to 1900 only a few chemicals had been employed as pesticides but in the early 1940s, as the Second World War raged, the insecticide DDT and the herbicide 2-4-D were developed. These changed everything. Since then, farmers have been using a growing list of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides to protect their crops. Their use has undoubtedly led to significant gains in agricultural production and reduction in disease transmission, but also to major problems: health concerns for both users of pesticides and the general public, the emergence of resistance in pest populations, and environmental problems. The book examines the development of legislation designed to control and restrict the use of pesticides, the emergence of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the use of biological control agents as part of policy to protect the environment and encourage the sustainable use of pesticides. Finally, the use of new technologies in pest control are discussed including the use of genetic modification, targeted pesticide application and use of drones, alongside basic requirements for IPM such as crop rotations, close seasons and adoption of plant varieties with resistance to pests and diseases.
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Technology, Engineering & AgricultureJanuary 2017The UK Pesticide Guide 2017
by Martin A Lainsbury
The UK Pesticide Guide 2017 has 7 new active ingredient profiles. Two are confirmed as available in 2017 while 5 are currently only listed as Products also Registered (PARs). The two available are: - cyantraniliprole for insect control in headed brassicas - halauxifen-methyl +/- fluroxypyr for broad-leaved weed control in cereals. The five awaiting confirmation are: - buprofezin for insect control in protected Solonaceae - penhoxamid for weed control in grain maize and winter oilseed rape - Pepino Mosaic Virus for suppression of viral diseases in protected tomatoes - Pythium oligandrun M1 for disease control in spring barley, wheat and oilseed rape - Tembotrione for weed control in maize and sweetcorn. In addition, hazard precautions have been upgraded and the roll out of extended buffer zones, for some products, continues with many products re-approved under new MAPP numbers. There are also: - 7 new herbicide profiles - 4 in the main section and 3 as PARs - 8 new fungicide profiles - 6 in the main section and 2 as PARs - 1 new plant growth regulator (PGR) combination and 1 new molluscicide. In the main section of the Guide 8 herbicide profiles (tepraloxydim approval expires 30/11/ 2016), 17 fungicides (including prochloraz), 4 insecticides and 1 PGR are no longer included. ; The UK Pesticide Guide 2017 has 7 new active ingredient profiles. In addition, hazard precautions have been upgraded and the roll out of extended buffer zones, for some products, continues with many products re-approved under new MAPP numbers. ; 1: Crop/Pest Guide Index2: Pesticide Profiles3: Products also registered4: Adjuvants5: Key Information for Users of Pesticides6: Suppliers of Pesticides and Adjuvants
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Technology, Engineering & AgricultureJanuary 2019The UK Pesticide Guide 2019
by Martin A Lainsbury
The UK Pesticide Guide is a unique and authoritative source of information on pesticides and adjuvants approved for use in agriculture, amenity, forestry, pest control and horticulture. This edition has 8 new active ingredient profiles plus a number of new formulations and products for a wide range of crops. It contains a variety of herbicide, fungicide and insecticide and PGR additions, bringing the guide up-to-date for 2019.
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Botany & plant sciencesApril 2013Natural Antioxidants and Biocides from Wild Medicinal Plants
by Edited by Carlos L Cespedes, D A Sampietro, Mahendra Rai, D S Seigler.
Plants produce secondary metabolites with herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal and antioxidant activities. This book provides an up-to-date treatment of antioxidant and biocidal compounds mainly from Latin American plants. New antimicrobials, insecticidals, and antioxidants are covered in three sections: a general overview and perspectives on antioxidant, medicinal and biocidal plant compounds; details of plant antioxidants isolated from a wide range of species; insecticidal, antimicrobial and other biocidal activities based on peptides, phytoecdysteroids, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids and other allelochemicals.
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Pest controlJanuary 2016The UK Pesticide Guide 2016
by Edited by Martin A Lainsbury
The UK Pesticide Guide is a unique and authoritative source of information on pesticides and adjuvants. The 2016 edition has three new active ingredient profiles included for the first time. The additions include: imazosulfuron for weed control in winter cereals metobromuron for weed control in potatoes fenpyrazamine for disease control in wine grapes and protected cucurbits. Many products have new hazard classifications as Europe starts to standardise with the rest of the world. Some products now have buffer zone requirements greater than the standard LERAP 5 metres. Other additions include: 11 new herbicide profiles 13 new fungicide profiles Spearmint oil, a sprout suppressant for potatoes
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Technology, Engineering & AgricultureJanuary 2020
The UK Pesticide Guide 2020
by Martin A Lainsbury
By far the biggest change to The UK Pesticide Guide in 2020 is the loss of a number of active ingredients that have been fundamental to many crop protection programmes. The final use-up of chlorothalonil formulations; propiconazole, fenpropimorph, chloridazon and diquat occurs in 2020 but there are also a few of exciting new additions. Aclonifen is a new residual herbicide for use in potatoes that already has a number of EAMUs for use in minor crops. BASF is launching its new triazole, mefentrifluconazole, which promises to restore full triazole activity, at least initially. On the insecticide front the new active ingredient from Corteva agriscience, sulfoxaflor, is now listed for use in Cucurbitae and ornamentals under full protection for control of aphids and whitefly.
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Science & MathematicsNovember 2021Gene Flow
Monitoring, Modeling and Mitigation
by Wei Wei, Neal Stewart
Gene flow is a natural process that occurs spontaneously and enables the evolution of life. However, with the release of genetically modified organisms, concerns have focused on introduced foreign transgenes and their dispersal in nature through gene flow. This book examines gene flow of transgenes, such as herbicide resistance genes, with the goal of understanding the factors that may affect the process of gene flow. A greater biological understanding is essential to make sound management regulatory decisions when also taking into consideration the processes that happen in conventional plants. Monitoring, modelling, and mitigation are the three most closely related elements of gene flow. The book includes both scientific reviews and perspectives on gene flow and experimental case studies, including studies of gene flow in soybean and poplar. The authors present diverse views and research methodologies to understand transgene flow. This book: Focuses on applications of gene flow (monitoring, modelling, and mitigation); Includes both review chapters and case studies; Is written by international team of scientists currently working in gene flow. This book will be valuable for students and researchers in genetics, biotechnology, plant science, and environmental science. It also provides key insights of value to regulators of biotechnology as well as policy-makers.
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Science & MathematicsDecember 2021Broom and Fraser's Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare
by Donald Broom
Completely updated and revised, and synthesizing the recent explosion in animal welfare literature, the sixth edition of this best-selling textbook continues to provide a thorough overview of behaviour and welfare of companion and farm animals, including fish. The introductory section has been completely revised, with all following chapters updated, redesigned and improved to reflect our changing understanding. This edition includes: - New and revised chapters on climate change and sustainability, ethics, and philosophy to ensure that the book provides the latest information in a changing world; - New information on human interactions with other animal species, big data, modern technologies, brain function, emotions and behaviour; - Solutions and advice for common abnormal behaviours. Written by a world-leading expert and key opinion leader in animal behaviour and welfare, this text provides a highly accessible guide to the subject. It is an essential foundation for any veterinary, animal science, animal behaviour or welfare-focused undergraduate or graduate course.
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Science & MathematicsMarch 2017Integrated Management of Insect Pests on Canola and Other Brassica Oilseed Crops
by Gadi V P Reddy, Harit K Bal, Ronald E Batallas, Tulsi Bhardwaj, James D Blande, Dhana Raj Boina, G David Buntin, Randall Brandt, Hector Cárcamo, Surendra Dara, Tim J Dumonceaux, Robert H Elliott, Maya Evenden, Yaghoub Fathipour, Kevin D Floate, John Gavloski, Kristopher L Giles, Larry Grenkow, Parwinder S Grewal, Rebecca H Hallett, Matthew P. Hill, Vincent A Hervet, Sari J. Himanen, Heikki M.T. Hokkanen, Jarmo K Holopainen, Prashant Jha, Peter Mason, Janet J Knodel, Tao Li, Sarina Macfadyen, Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen, Mohammad Ali Mirhosseini, Christine Noronha, Chrystel Olivier, Francisco Rubén Badenes-Pérez, S. Jesu Rajan, Tom A Royer, Muhammad Sarwar, Barbara J Sharanowski, Govinda Shrestha, Juliana Soroka, Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan, Raj Kumar Thakur, Sally Vail, Leyun Wang, R W M. Udari M Wanigasekara, Chaminda De Silva Weeraddana, Tyler J Wist, Zi-Hua Zhao
This book comprehensively reviews current pest management practices and explores novel integrated pest management strategies in Brassica oilseed crops. It is essential reading for pest management practitioners and researchers working on pest management in canola and other Brassica crops worldwide. Canola, mustard, camelina and crambe are the most important oilseed crops in the world. Canola is the second largest oilseed crop in the world providing 13% of the world's supply. Seeds of these species commonly contain 40% or more oil and produce meals with 35 to 40% protein. However, its production has declined significantly in recent years due to insect pest problems. The canola pest complexes are responsible for high insecticide applications on canola. Many growers rely on calendar-based spraying schedules for insecticide applications. The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella and flea beetles Phyllotreta spp. (P. cruciferae and P. striolata)cause serious damage to canola. In the Northern Great Plains, USA, for instance, P. xylostella is now recorded everywhere that canola is grown. Severe damage to canola plants can be caused by overwintering populations of flea beetles feeding on newly emerged seedlings. Cabbage seed pod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus), swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii), and tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) are also severe pests on canola. Minor pests include aphids (cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae and turnip aphid, Hyadaphis erysimi) and grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. This book: · is the only single compiled source of information on integrated management of canola and other Brassica oilseed pests · presents the biology and management of all the major and minor pests of Brassica oilseed crops · is an essential source of information for applied entomologists, crop protection researchers, extension agents and stakeholders ; This book reviews current pest management practices and explores new biological and chemical control methods, and integrated pest management strategies in this important crop. It is essential reading for pest management practitioners and researchers working on pest management in canola crops worldwide. ; 1: Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) and Their Management2: Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) Management3: The Challenge of Swede Midge Management in Canola4: Biology and Management of Sucking Insect Pests of Canola5: Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Management6: Biology, Ecology and Management of Pollen Beetle Brassicogethes viridescens (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)7: Noctuid (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Pests of Canola in North America8: Biology and Management of the Generalist Herbivore, the Bertha Armyworm, Mamestra Configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Canola in Western Canada9: Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Management of Insect Pests of Canola and Other Oilseed Crops10: The OKANOLA Project: Challenges in Managing Insect Pests of Canola in the Southern Plains11: Integrated Pest Management in Canola: How Far Have We Come and What Is Still Needed12: Canola Insect Pest Management in the South-eastern USA13: Integrated Management of Insect Pests of Rapeseed (Canola) in China14: Integrated Control of Insect Pests of Canola and Other Brassica Oilseed Crops in Pakistan15: Cover Crops as a Tool for Insect Pest Management on Oilseed Brassicas16: Detection and Symptomatology of Aster Yellows17: Pestiferous Insects of Mustard: Biology and Integrated Management18: Volatile Organic Compounds in Integrated Pest Management of Brassica Oilseed Crops19: Impact of Genetically Modified Herbicide-resistant Oilseed Rape on Non-target Organisms: Natural Enemies of Oilseed Rape Pests20: Insect-transmitted Viruses in Canola21: Present and Potential Impacts of Insects on Camelina and Crambe22: Integrated Pest Management and Pollination Services in Brassica Oilseed Crops23: Role of Glucosinolates in Resistance and Attraction to Insects: Applications in Trap Cropping and Pest Management in Brassica Oilseed Crops24: Arthropod Pests of Australian Canola During Crop Emergence: IPM and Future Directions25: Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Insect Pest Management of Brassica Oilseed Crops
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MedicineJuly 2018Are We Pushing Animals to Their Biological Limits?
Welfare and Ethical Implications
by Temple Grandin, Martin Whiting
Stimulating and thought-provoking, this important new text looks at the welfare problems and philosophical and ethical issues that are caused by changes made to an animal's telos, behaviour and physiology, both positive and negative, to make them more productive or adapted for human uses. These changes may involve selective breeding for production, appearance traits, or competitive advantage in sport, transgenic animals or the use of pharmaceuticals or hormones to enhance production or performance. Changes may impose duties to care for these animals further and more intensely, or they may make the animal more robust. The book considers a wide range of animals, including farm animals, companion animals and laboratory animals. It reviews the ethics and welfare issues of animals that have been adapted for sport, as companions, in work, as ornaments, food sources, guarding and a whole host of other human functions. This important new book sparks debate and is essential reading for all those involved in animal welfare and ethics, including veterinarians, animal scientists, animal welfare scientists and ethologists.
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MedicineJune 2003Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam
Interim Findings and Recommendations
by Committee on the Assessment of Wartime Exposure to Herbicides in Vietnam
From 1962 to 1971, US military forces sprayed more than 19 million gallons of herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that helped conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that enemy forces might depend on, and to clear tall grass and bushes from around the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Most large-scale spraying operations were conducted from airplanes and helicopters, but herbicides were also sprayed from boats and ground vehicles, and by soldiers wearing back-mounted equipment. After a scientific report concluded that a contaminant of one of the primary chemicals used in the herbicide called Agent Orange could cause birth defects in laboratory animals, US forces suspended use of the herbicide; they subsequently halted all herbicide spraying in Vietnam in 1971. At the request of the Veteran's Administration, the Institute of Medicine established a committee to oversee the development and evaluation of models of herbicide exposure for use in studies of Vietnam veterans. That committee would develop and disseminate a request for proposals (RFP) consistent with the recommendations; evaluate the proposals received in response to the RFP and select one or more academic or other nongovernmental research groups to develop the exposure reconstruction model; provide scientific and administrative oversight of the work of the researchers; and evaluate the models developed by the researchers in a report to VA, which would be published for a broader audience. Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam is the IOM's report that evaluates models of herbicide reconstruction to develop and test models of herbicide exposure for use in studies of Vietnam veterans.
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Pest controlOctober 2012National Summit on Strategies to Manage Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
Proceedings of a Symposium
by Planning Committee for a National Summit on Strategies to Manage Herbicide-Resistant Weeds; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council
Preserving the efficacy of herbicides and of herbicide-resistance technology depends on awareness of the increasing resistance of weeds to herbicides used in agriculture and coordinated action to address the problem by individuals at the farm level and beyond. This summit served as a venue to bring the attention of important stakeholders to the issue and as an opportunity for experts from diverse disciplines to strategize in a coordinated way to address herbicide-resistant weeds. In convening stakeholders for this event, participants took a step toward a recommendation from the 2010 National Research Council report The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States that federal and state government agencies, private-sector technology developers, universities, farmer organizations, and other relevant stakeholders collaborate to document emerging weed-resistance problems and to develop cost-effective resistance-management programs and practices that preserve effective weed control. The summit provided the opportunity for stakeholders to explore the scientific basis of the emergence of herbicide resistance and to consider different perspectives on both opportunities and barriers to overcoming the problem of herbicide-resistant weeds. National Summit on Strategies to Manage Herbicide-Resistant Weeds contains a brief synopsis of key points made by each speaker at the summit.
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MedicineApril 2004Veterans and Agent Orange
Length of Presumptive Period for Association Between Exposure and Respiratory Cancer
by Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides
From 1962 to 1971, US military forces sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that helped conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that enemy forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the majority of the herbicides sprayed. Agent Orange was a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, one form of dioxin) was an unintended contaminant from the production of 2,4,5-T and was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. In 1991, because of continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects on Vietnam veterans of the herbicides sprayed, Congress passed Public Law 102-4, the Agent Orange Act of 1991. In response to the request from the VA, IOM extended the service of the Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides that was responsible for Update 2002 to address the question of presumptive period and respiratory cancer. The charge to the committee was to undertake a review and evaluation of the evidence regarding the period between cessation of exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and their contaminants (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and its contaminant TCDD, cacodylic acid, and picloram) and the occurrence of respiratory cancer.
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Warfare & defenceDecember 2007
Veterans and Agent Orange
Update 2006
by Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update), Institute of Medicine
From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of U.S. base camps and outlying fire-support bases. In response to concerns and continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects of the sprayed herbicides on Vietnam veterans, Veterans and Agent Orange provides a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam. The 2006 report is the seventh volume in this series of biennial updates. It will be of interest to policy makers and physicians in the federal government, veterans and their families, veterans' organizations, researchers, and health professionals.
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MedicineNovember 2009Veterans and Agent Orange
Update 2008
by Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Seventh Biennial Update), Institute of Medicine
From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of U.S. base camps and outlying fire-support bases. In response to concerns and continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects of the sprayed herbicides on Vietnam veterans, Veterans and Agent Orange provides a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam. The 2008 report is the eighth volume in this series of biennial updates. It will be of interest to policy makers and physicians in the federal government, veterans and their families, veterans' organizations, researchers, and health professionals.
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MedicineApril 2014
Veterans and Agent Orange
Update 2012
by Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Ninth Biennial Update); Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of Medicine
From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations are conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence.Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 reviews peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published in October 2010--September 2012 and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database. This report considers whether a statistical association with herbicide exposure exists, taking into account the strength of the scientific evidence and the appropriateness of the statistical and epidemiological methods used to detect the association; the increased risk of disease among those exposed to herbicides during service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era; and whether there exists a plausible biological mechanism or other evidence of a causal relationship between herbicide exposure and the disease.
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MedicineJanuary 2003Veterans and Agent Orange
Update 2002
by Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Fourth Biennial Update)
This book updates and evaluates the available scientific evidence regarding statistical associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam, focusing on new scientific studies and literature.
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MedicineJanuary 2012Veterans and Agent Orange
Update 2010
by Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Eighth Biennial Update); Institute of Medicine
Because of continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects of the sprayed herbicides on Vietnam veterans, Congress passed the Agent Orange Act of 1991. The legislation directed the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) to request the Institite of Medicine to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam to be followed by biennial updates. The 2010 update recommends further research of links between Vietnam service and specific health outcomes, most importantly COPD, tonsil cancer, melanoma, brain cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and paternally transmitted effects to offspring.
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MedicineMarch 2016Veterans and Agent Orange
Update 2014
by Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Tenth Biennial Update); Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of Medicine; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2014 is the final and cumulative report of the series.
