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      • Trusted Partner
        Medicine
        March 2020

        Basic Monitoring in Canine and Feline Emergent Patients

        by Elizabeth J. Thomovsky, Paula A. Johnson, Aimee C. Brooks

        This book discusses the various basic monitoring techniques available for emergency patients. The book elaborates on and explains monitoring techniques that can be easily performed in basic ER clinics and primary care clinics. This includes blood pressure, capnography, ECGs, pulse oximetry, and point of care monitoring ranging from the physical exam to bedside diagnostic tests like PCV/TP, urine specific gravity, blood glucose, and lactate. Each chapter is structured in the following way: basic physiology as related to the monitor, how the monitor/piece of equipment works, pros and cons of the monitor/piece of equipment, when not to trust the monitor, and clinical applications/examples of how to use the monitor in clinical settings.

      • Trusted Partner
        Science & Mathematics
        March 2017

        The Handbook of Microbial Metabolism of Amino Acids

        by J P F D'Mello, K Abe, M I Afzal, M Akhtar, J M P Alves, R Balana Fouce, Q Bashir, R A Bender, Simon Brown, Catherine Cailliez-Grimal, R William Caldwell, Barbara Campanini, Yingying Cao, Trinad Chakraborty, D Charlier, N P Chowdhury, O O Coker, Daniela de Biase, Stephane Delaunay, Renwick C J Dobson, Mike F Dunn, D Fulton, Fabio Giovannercole, D E Holmes, A.O Hudson, Y Kera, G D Kornfeld, F Leroy, Z Liao, Rob D Locy, J S Lott, Patrick M Lucas, R Lucas, P Ludovico, J M Moran, A Mozzarelli, A J Nieuwkoop, N Osorio, John V Paietta, Prasit Palittapongarnpim, Emily J Parker, A Parthasarathy, F G Pearce, Eugenia Pennacchietti, Y Perez-Pertejo, R S Phillips, N Rashid, P J Quinn, F Rodrigues, M J Romero, B Sampaio-Marques, M A Savka, K Shibata, David C Simcock, H V Simpson, J A Smith, S Takahashi, Saleh Umair, X Wang, Matthew J Wargo, S Watanabe, Freya Wencker, W Ziebuhr, I W Dawes

        This book collates and reviews recent advances in the microbial metabolism of amino acids, emphasizing diversity - in terms of the range of organisms under investigation and their natural ecology - and the unique features of amino acid metabolism in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. As well as studying the individual amino acids, including arginine, sulfur amino acids, branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids, a number of themes are explored throughout the work. These include: - Comparative issues between the metabolism of microbes and those of higher organisms, including plants and mammals - Potential for drug targets in pathways of both biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids - Relationship between amino acids or associated enzymes and virulence in parasitic pathogens - Practical implications for food microbiology and pathogen characterization - Future priorities relating to fundamental biochemistry of microrganisms, food quality and safety, human and animal health, plant pathology, drug design and ecology As the volume of research into the metabolism of amino acids grows, this comprehensive study of the subject is a vital tool for researchers in the fields of biological, medical and veterinary sciences, including microbiology, biochemistry, genetics and pathology. This book is also essential for corporate organizations with active research and development programmes, such as those in the pharmaceutical industry. ; This book collates and reviews recent advances in the microbial metabolism of amino acids, emphasizing diversity - in terms of the range of organisms under investigation and their natural ecology - and the unique features of amino acid metabolism in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. ; -: PrefacePART I: GLUTAMATE1: Structural and Functional Properties of Glutamate Dehydrogenases2: Glutamate Decarboxylase in Bacteria3: The Yeast GABA ShuntPART II: LYSINE, ARGININE AND HYDROXYPROLINE4: Lysine Biosynthesis in Microorganisms5: Arginine Deiminase in Microorganisms6: Arginase and Microbial Pathogenesis in the Lungs7: Arginine and Methionine as Precursors of Polyamines in Trypanosomatids8: Ornithine and Lysine Decarboxylation in Bacteria9: The Role of Nitric Oxide Signalling in Yeast Stress Response and Cell Death10: Hydroxyproline Metabolism in MicroorganismsPART III: SERINE AND THREONINE11: Cellular Responses to Serine in Yeast12: Threonine Degradation in Hyperthermophilic OrganismsPART IV: SULFUR AMINO ACIDS13: Methionine Synthesis in Microbes14: Regulation of Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism in Fungi15: Insight on O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase Structure, Function and Biopharmaceutical ApplicationsPART V: BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACIDS16: Metabolic Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for L-Valine Production17: Flavour Formation From Leucine by Lactic Acid BacteriaPART VI: AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS AND HISTIDINE18: Microbial Degradation of Phenolic Amino Acids19: The Biosynthesis of Tryptophan20: Tryptophan Biosynthesis in Bacteria: Drug Targets and Immunology21: The Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Microorganisms22: Histidine Degradation in Bacteria23: Histidine Phosphatase Superfamily in Pathogenic BacteriaPART VII: D-AMINO ACIDS24: Functions and Metabolism of D-Amino Acids in Microorganisms25: Pathways of Utilization of D-Amino Acids in Higher OrganismsPART VIII: ECOLOGY26: Rhizobial Amino Acid Metabolism: Polyamine Biosynthesis and Functions27: Working Together: Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Endosymbiont-Harbouring Trypanosomatidae28: Amino Acid Metabolism in Helminths29: Microbial Degradation of Amino Acids in Anoxic Environments30: Utilization of N-Methylated Amino Acids by Bacteria31: Biofilm Formation: Amino Acid Biomarkers in Candida albicans32: Recent Advances Underpinning Innovative Strategies for the Future

      • Oncology
        April 2007

        Cancer Biomarkers

        The Promises and Challenges of Improving Detection and Treatment

        by Committee on Developing Biomarker-Based Tools for Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Sharyl J. Nass and Harold L. Moses, Editors

        Many cancer patients are diagnosed at a stage in which the cancer is too far advanced to be cured, and most cancer treatments are effective in only a minority of patients undergoing therapy. Thus, there is tremendous opportunity to improve the outcome for people with cancer by enhancing detection and treatment approaches. Biomarkers will be instrumental in making that transition. Advances in biotechnology and genomics have given scientists new hope that biomarkers can be used to improve cancer screening and detection, to improve the drug development process, and to enhance the effectiveness and safety of cancer care by allowing physicians to tailor treatment for individual patients—an approach known as personalized medicine. However, progress overall has been slow, despite considerable effort and investment, and there are still many challenges and obstacles to overcome before this paradigm shift in oncology can become a reality.

      • Pharmacology
        January 2011

        Perspectives on Biomarker and Surrogate Endpoint Evaluation

        Discussion Forum Summary

        by Alison Mack, Erin Balogh, and Christine Micheel, Rapporteurs; Committee on Qualification of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease; Institute of Medicine

        In 2010 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended a framework for the evaluation of biomarkers in the chronic disease setting. Published in the book Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease, the framework is intended to bring consistency and transparency to the previously disparate process of biomarker evaluation. Following the book's release, the IOM convened a 2-day discussion forum in Washington, DC, in order to provide an opportunity for stakeholders to learn about, react to, and discuss the book. Presentations reviewed the authoring committee's work process, recommendations, and provided perspectives on the book from the point of view of participants. Thomas Fleming, professor of biostatistics and statistics at the University of Washington, gave a keynote presentation on the critical issues in the validation of surrogate endpoints, a specific use of a biomarker. The present volume recounts the discussion forum proceedings, focusing in turn on each represented sector. A summary of Dr. Fleming's presentation then sets the committee's recommendations within the context of biomarker utilization. Lastly, this summary examines the main themes raised by stakeholders, and the challenges and opportunities presented to stakeholders by the book's recommendations.

      • Diseases & disorders
        June 2010

        Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease

        by Christine M. Micheel and John R. Ball, Editors; Committee on Qualifications of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease; Institute of Medicine

        Many people naturally assume that the claims made for foods and nutritional supplements have the same degree of scientific grounding as those for medication, but that is not always the case. The IOM recommends that the FDA adopt a consistent scientific framework for biomarker evaluation in order to achieve a rigorous and transparent process.

      • Biology, life sciences
        September 2016

        Biomarker Tests for Molecularly Targeted Therapies

        Key to Unlocking Precision Medicine

        by Laurene A. Graig, Jonathan K. Phillips, and Harold L. Moses, Editors; Committee on Policy Issues in the Clinical Development and Use of Biomarkers for Molecularly Targeted Therapies; Board on Health Care Services; Institute of Medicine; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

        Every patient is unique, and the evolving field of precision medicine aims to ensure the delivery of the right treatment to the right patient at the right time. In an era of rapid advances in biomedicine and enhanced understanding of the genetic basis of disease, health care providers increasingly have access to advanced technologies that may identify molecular variations specific to an individual patient, which subsequently can be targeted for treatment. Known as biomarker tests for molecularly targeted therapies, these complex tests have the potential to enable the selection of the most beneficial treatment (and also to identify treatments that may be harmful or ineffective) for the molecular underpinnings of an individual patient’s disease. Such tests are key to unlocking the promise of precision medicine. Biomarker tests for molecularly targeted therapies represent a crucial area of focus for developing methods that could later be applicable to other areas of precision medicine. The appropriate regulatory oversight of these tests is required to ensure that they are accurate, reliable, properly validated, and appropriately implemented in clinical practice. Moreover, common evidentiary standards for assessing the beneficial impact of biomarker-guided therapy selection on patient outcomes, as well as the effective collection and sharing of information related to those outcomes, are urgently needed to better inform clinical decision making. Biomarker Tests of Molecularly Targeted Therapies examines opportunities for and challenges to the use of biomarker tests to select optimal therapy and offers recommendations to accelerate progress in this field. This report explores regulatory issues, reimbursement issues, and clinical practice issues related to the clinical development and use of biomarker tests for targeting therapies to patients. Properly validated, appropriately implemented biomarker tests hold the potential to enhance patient care and improve outcomes, and therefore addressing the challenges facing such tests is critical.

      • Pharmacology
        January 2008

        Neuroscience Biomarkers and Biosignatures

        Converging Technologies, Emerging Partnerships: Workshop Summary

        by Miriam Davis, Sarah Hanson, Bruce Altevogt, Rapporteurs, Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, Institute of Medicine

        Biomarkers, or biological markers, are quantitative measurements that offer researchers and clinicians valuable insight into diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for many disorders and diseases. A major goal in neuroscience medical research is establishing biomarkers for disorders of the nervous system. Given the promising potential and necessity for neuroscience biomarkers, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened a public workshop and released the workshop summary entitled Neuroscience Biomarkers and Biosignatures: Converging Technologies, Emerging Partnerships. The workshop brought together experts from multiple areas to discuss the most promising and practical arenas in neuroscience in which biomarkers will have the greatest impact. The main objective of the workshop was to identify and discuss biomarker targets that are not currently being aggressively pursued but that could have the greatest near-term impact on the rate at which new treatments are brought forward for psychiatric and neurological disorders.

      • Oncology
        October 2006

        Developing Biomarker-Based Tools for Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment

        The State of the Science, Evaluation, Implementation, and Economics - Workshop Summary

        by Margie Patlak and Sharyl Nass, Rapporteurs

        Research has long sought to identify biomarkers that could detect cancer at an early stage, or predict the optimal cancer therapy for specific patients. Fueling interest in this research are recent technological advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that can enable researchers to capture the molecular fingerprints of specific cancers and fine-tune their classification according to the molecular defects they harbor. The discovery and development of new markers of cancer could potentially improve cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the potential impact cancer biomarkers could have on the cost effectiveness of cancer detection and treatment, they could profoundly alter the economic burden of cancer as well. Despite the promise of cancer biomarkers, few biomarker-based cancer tests have entered the market, and the translation of research findings on cancer biomarkers into clinically useful tests seems to be lagging. This is perhaps not surprising given the technical, financial, regulatory, and social challenges linked to the discovery, development, validation, and incorporation of biomarker tests into clinical practice. To explore those challenges and ways to overcome them, the National Cancer Policy Forum held the conference "Developing Biomarker-Based Tools for Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment: The State of the Science, Evaluation, Implementation, and Economics" in Washington, D.C., from March 20 to 22, 2006. At this conference, experts gave presentations in one of six sessions. In addition, seven small group discussions explored the policy implications surrounding biomarker development and adoption into clinical practice. Developing Biomarker-based Tools for Developing Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment: The State of the Science, Evaluation, Implementation, and Economics-Workshop Summary presents the conference proceedings and will be used by an Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee to develop consensus-based recommendations for moving the field of cancer biomarkers forward.

      • Medicine
        August 2011

        Glutamate-Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System

        Workshop Summary

        by Diana E. Pankevich, Miriam Davis, and Bruce M. Altevogt, Rapporteurs; Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute of Medicine

        Glutamate is the most pervasive neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite this fact, no validated biological markers, or biomarkers, currently exist for measuring glutamate pathology in CNS disorders or injuries. Glutamate dysfunction has been associated with an extensive range of nervous system diseases and disorders. Problems with how the neurotransmitter glutamate functions in the brain have been linked to a wide variety of disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, substance abuse, and traumatic brain injury. These conditions are widespread, affecting a large portion of the United States population, and remain difficult to treat. Efforts to understand, treat, and prevent glutamate-related disorders can be aided by the identification of valid biomarkers. The Institute of Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders held a workshop on June 21-22, 2010, to explore ways to accelerate the development, validation, and implementation of such biomarkers. Glutamate-Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System: Workshop Summary investigates promising current and emerging technologies, and outlines strategies to procure resources and tools to advance drug development for associated nervous system disorders. Moreover, this report highlights presentations by expert panelists, and the open panel discussions that occurred during the workshop.

      • Pharmacology
        July 2009

        Accelerating the Development of Biomarkers for Drug Safety

        Workshop Summary

        by Steve Olson, Sally Robinson, and Robert Giffin, Rapporteurs; Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation; Institute of Medicine

        Biomarkers can be defined as indicators of any biologic state, and they are central to the future of medicine. As the cost of developing drugs has risen in recent years, reducing the number of new drugs approved for use, biomarker development may be a way to cut costs, enhance safety, and provide a more focused and rational pathway to drug development. On October 24, 2008, the IOM's Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation held "Assessing and Accelerating Development of Biomarkers for Drug Safety," a one-day workshop, summarized in this volume, on the value of biomarkers in helping to determine drug safety during development.

      • Medicine
        June 2018

        Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation

        Proceedings of a Workshop

        by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, Sheena M. Posey Norris, Noam I. Keren, Lisa Bain

        Neuroinflammation is a burgeoning area of interest in academia and biopharma, with a broadly acknowledged role in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, there is little agreement on the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the manifestations of neuroinflammation in the CNS compartment and how neuroinflammation operates as a driver and also as a consequence of disease in the brain. Moreover, another unclear area is how to translate increased understanding of the mechanisms that underlie neuroinflammation and its manifestations in the CNS to therapeutics. To address these gaps in understanding mechanisms and how to translate that understanding into therapeutics, the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on March 20-21, 2017, bringing together key leaders in the field from industry, academia, and governmental agencies to explore the role and mechanisms of neuroinflammation in a variety of CNS diseases. The workshop also considered strategies to advance the identification and validation of biomarkers of neuroinflammation that could accelerate development of therapies, bringing much-needed treatments to patients with disorders ranging from neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

      • Medicine
        2008

        Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics

        An American Heart Association Journal

        by Edited by Ramachandran S Vasan MD, DM, MBBS

        Bimonthly - 2013 Volume(s) - 4 www.circgenetics.ahajournals.org Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics publishes articles related to research in human cardiovascular genetics, including studies on Mendelian disorders and complex cardiovascular traits and disorders. Research incorporates the latest clinically relevant analytical modalities (such as haplotype maps), genome-wide association studies, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics (biomarkers), and their application to diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics in genetic determined cardiovascular diseases.  The scope of the journal extends well beyond cardiovascular genetics, with studies evaluating genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and biomarkers as well. Reports of clinical trials using genetic and other biomarkers are regularly featured.

      • Oncology
        July 2015

        Policy Issues in the Development and Adoption of Biomarkers for Molecularly Targeted Cancer Therapies

        Workshop Summary

        by Sharyl J. Nass, Jonathan Phillips, and Margie Patlak, Rapporteurs; National Cancer Policy Forum; Board on Health Care Services; Institute of Medicine

        A long-held goal in oncology has been to develop therapies that target the specific abnormalities in each patient's cancer rather than simply treating cancers based on the tissue of origin. In the past decade, advances in technology have enabled researchers to relatively quickly and inexpensively determine, in minute detail, the genetic makeup of tumors. Although relatively few targeted cancer therapies are currently available in the clinic and it is not yet clear whether all cancers are driven by genetic changes that can be targeted, there is widespread optimism in the cancer community that this new ability to assess the genetic abnormalities in tumors will ultimately lead to better cancer treatments and improved patient outcomes. Policy Issues in the Development and Adoption of Biomarkers for Molecularly Targeted Cancer Therapies is the summary of a workshop convened in November 2014 by the Institute of Medicine's National Cancer Policy Forum to discuss recent trends in the development and implementation of molecularly targeted cancer therapies and explore potential policy actions to address specific challenges. This report highlights the presentations and discussions at the workshop.

      • Oncology
        August 2013

        Personalized Management of Lung Cancer

        by Ritsuko Komaki

        In Advances in Personalized Therapy for Lung Cancer, internationally renowned authors provide an overview of recent progress in molecular target-based therapies, biomarkers and individualized approaches. The book provides investigators and practitioners with an invaluable resource that summarizes the exciting new findings in our efforts toward improved treatment outcomes for lung cancer patients.

      • Neurology & clinical neurophysiology
        August 2014

        Deep Brain Stimulation: Technology and Applications (Volume 1)

        by Jerrold L Vitek

        Volume I of this book will highlight key features of DBS techniques, technology and mechanistic theories. Moving from principles and technology, to implantation techniques and computational modeling. Moreover, it will provide an overview of the principles associated with programing DBS devices, how this can be adapted in real time using physiological biomarkers, and it will revisit the literature with a critical eye giving some insight into what DBS holds in store for us in the future.

      • Endocrinology
        October 2011

        Advances in Neuroendocrine Tumor Management

        by Kjell Öberg

        As a result of improved diagnostics such as new biomarkers, molecular imaging as well as new therapies based on randomized trials, neuroendocrine tumors are increasingly attracting the attention of physicians and scientists. In future, personalized medicine or ‘theragnostics’ and large-scale sequencing will rapidly change the understanding of cancer biology and will help to identify new targets as well as explain the causes of drug resistance. This book covers the most recent information on neuroendocrine tumors in terms of classification, molecular profiles and diagnosis and different types of treatment for neuroendocrine tumors.

      • Chemistry
        February 2014

        CYP2D6: Genetics, Pharmacology and Clinical Relevance

        by Pierre Baumann

        Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) is an enzymatic superfamily that is involved in the oxidative metabolism of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. Members of the CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 family contribute to the biotransformation of xenobiotics, including therapeutic drugs and, of these, CYP2D6 is probably the most investigated. The enzyme constitutes one of the most important pharmacogenomic biomarkers in clinical practice. In this book of nine chapters, expert authors explore the properties of CYP2D6 with respect to the basic genetic aspects, its interactions with drugs that are substrates and/or inhibitors, and the implications of the pharmacogenetics of CYP2D6 in the clinical context.

      • Infectious & contagious diseases
        February 2014

        Clinical Insights: Dengue: Transmission, Diagnosis & Surveillance

        by James Whitehorn, Jeremy Farrar

        Dengue represents one of the greatest threats to public health of the 21st century. Its global expansion, reflecting enormous population shifts, has resulted in approximately 3 billion people living in areas at risk of dengue transmission. This book of eight chapters conveys the breadth of dengue research currently underway and underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in tackling this disease. A global network encompassing a broad range of expertise with the aim of tackling the burden of dengue has formed. In this book, key members of this team explore all aspects of this challenging disease, from biomarkers and diagnostics through to surveillance and vector control.

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