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      • Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests
        Nuclear issues
        January 1989

        Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests

        by Committee on Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests, National Research Council

        During the 18-year program of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons (1945-1962), some of the 225,000 participants were exposed to radiation. Many of these participants have been experiencing sicknesses that may be test-related. Currently, test participants who had served in military units have pending over 6,000 claims for compensation at the Department of Veterans Affairs. This study presents improved methods for calculating the radiation doses to which these individuals were exposed, and are intended to be useful in the adjudication of their claims.

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      • A Review of the Radiological Assessments Corporation's Fernald Dose Reconstruction Report
        Nuclear issues
        January 1997

        A Review of the Radiological Assessments Corporation's Fernald Dose Reconstruction Report

        by Committee on an Assessment of CDC Radiation Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council

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      • Tracking Radiation Exposure from Medical Diagnostic Procedures
        Nuclear issues
        June 2012

        Tracking Radiation Exposure from Medical Diagnostic Procedures

        Workshop Reports

        by Committee on Tracking Radiation Doses from Medical Diagnostic Procedures; Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council

        The growing use of medical diagnostic procedures is correlated with tremendous and undeniable benefits in the care of most patients. However, it is accompanied by growing concerns about the risks associated with diagnostic computed tomography and other procedures that utilize ionizing radiation. A number of initiatives in radiation safety in medicine have taken place in the United States and internationally, each serving different purposes. Their ultimate goals are to provide higher quality clinical management of the patient and to ensure that reasonable steps are taken to keep the exposures as low as possible without compromising diagnostic efficacy. Tracking Radiation Exposure from Medical Diagnostic Procedures: Workshop Reports provides a summary of the presentations and discussions that took place during the December 8-9, 2011, workshop titled "Tracking Radiation Exposure from Medical Diagnostic Procedures." This workshop was organized by the Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board of the National Academy of Sciences and sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This workshop report was authored by a six-member committee of experts appointed by the National Academy of Sciences. This committee brought together public health regulators, physicians, manufacturers, researchers, and patients to explore "why," "what," and "how" to track exposure from medical diagnostic procedures and possible next steps.

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      • Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation
        Nuclear issues
        April 2006

        Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation

        BEIR VII Phase 2

        by Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation; Board on Radiation Effects Research; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council

        BEIR VII develops the most up-to-date and comprehensive risk estimates for cancer and other health effects from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation. It is among the first reports of its kind to include detailed estimates for cancer incidence in addition to cancer mortality. In general, BEIR VII supports previously reported risk estimates for cancer and leukemia, but the availability of new and more extensive data have strengthened confidence in these estimates. A comprehensive review of available biological and biophysical data supports a "linear-no-threshold" (LNT) risk modelâ€"that the risk of cancer proceeds in a linear fashion at lower doses without a threshold and that the smallest dose has the potential to cause a small increase in risk to humans. The report is from the Board on Radiation Research Effects that is now part of the newly formed Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board.

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      • Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines and Homes
        Nuclear issues
        February 1991

        Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines and Homes

        by Panel on Dosimetric Assumptions Affecting the Application of Radon Risk Estimates, Board on Radiation Effects Research, National Research Council

        Studies of underground miners have provided a wealth of data about the risk of lung cancer from exposure to radon's progeny elements, but the application of the miner data to the home environment is not straightforward. In Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines and Homes, an expert committee uses a new dosimetric model to extrapolate to the home environment the risk relationships found in the miner studies. Important new scaling factors are developed for applying risk estimates based on miner data to men, women, and children in domestic environments. The book includes discussions of radon dosimetry and the uncertainties concerning other risk factors such as age and smoking habits. The book also contains a thorough technical discussion of the characteristics of radioactive aerosols in domestic environments, the dose of inhaled radon progeny to different age groups, identification of respiratory tract cells at the greatest risk of carcinogenesis, and a complete description of the new lung dose model being developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection as modified by this committee.

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      • Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities
        Nuclear issues
        May 2008

        Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities

        International Workshop Proceedings

        by Glenn Schweitzer and Kelly Robbins, Editors, Committee on Issues in Consolidating Spent Nuclear Fuel at International Storage Sites, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia Development, National Research Council

        In May 2003, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academies organized an international workshop in Moscow on the scientific issues relevant to the establishment and operation of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia. Given the broad international interest in this topic, the academies organized a second international workshop on important issues that were not on the agenda or were not adequately discussed at the first workshop. These issues included international monitoring at the facility, transportation requirements, liability and insurance concerns, and status of Russian legislation and regulations that are important in locating and operating a facility. Relevant experience from Europe, the United States, and Asia was also considered in this 2005 workshop. This book contains the papers presented at the 2005 workshop sessions, as well as proceedings from the 2003 workshop. Together they provide an overview of the issues, and useful background for those organizations and individuals involved in further development of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia.

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      • Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium
        Nuclear issues
        May 2009

        Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium

        by Committee on Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium, National Research Council

        This book is the product of a congressionally mandated study to examine the feasibility of eliminating the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU2) in reactor fuel, reactor targets, and medical isotope production facilities. The book focuses primarily on the use of HEU for the production of the medical isotope molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), whose decay product, technetium-99m3 (Tc-99m), is used in the majority of medical diagnostic imaging procedures in the United States, and secondarily on the use of HEU for research and test reactor fuel. The supply of Mo-99 in the U.S. is likely to be unreliable until newer production sources come online. The reliability of the current supply system is an important medical isotope concern; this book concludes that achieving a cost difference of less than 10 percent in facilities that will need to convert from HEU- to LEU-based Mo-99 production is much less important than is reliability of supply.

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      • Best Practices for Risk-Informed Decision Making Regarding Contaminated Sites
        Nuclear issues
        July 2014

        Best Practices for Risk-Informed Decision Making Regarding Contaminated Sites

        Summary of a Workshop Series

        by Dominic Brose, Rapporteur, Workshop 1; Jennifer A. Heimberg, Rapporteur, Workshop 2; Committee on Best Practices for Risk-Informed Remedy Selection, Closure and Post-Closure of Contaminated Sites; Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Science and Technology for Sustainability Program; Policy and Global Affairs

        The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management's (EM) mission is the safe cleanup of sites associated with the government-led development of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy. While many of these legacy sites have completed cleanup, the largest and most complex sites have not been fully remediated. The cleanup of these sites is proceeding under legally enforceable agreements with timelines for hundreds of milestones. EM is reviewing alternative approaches to increase effectiveness and improve cost efficiencies of its cleanup activities, especially for sites that will have residual contamination when active cleanup is complete. This report is the summary of two workshops convened in October 2013 and January 2014 on best practices for risk-informed remedy selection, closure, and post-closure control of radioactive and chemically contaminated sites that present significant difficulty for remediation to unrestricted release. The workshop series aimed to explore best practices that promote effective, risk-informed decision making and future opportunities to improve remediation approaches and practices.In the Workshop #1 section of Best Practices for Risk-Informed Decision Making Regarding Contaminated Sites, the report examines holistic approaches for remediating sites with multiple contaminant sources and post-closure uses, and approaches for incorporating a sustainability framework into decision making regarding site remediation, closure, and post-closure control. In Workshop #2, the report focuses on post-closure controls, assessment of long-term performance of site remedies, and best practices for risk-based remediation decisions.

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      • Radiation Source Use and Replacement
        Nuclear issues
        May 2008

        Radiation Source Use and Replacement

        Abbreviated Version

        by Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement; Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council

        In the United States there are several thousand devices containing high-activity radiation sources licensed for use in areas ranging from medical uses such as cancer therapy to safety uses such as testing of structures and industrial equipment. Those radiation sources are licensed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and state agencies. Concerns have been raised about the safety and security of the radiation sources, particularly amid fears that they could be used to create dirty bombs, or radiological dispersal device (RDD). In response to a request from Congress, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission asked the National Research Council to conduct a study to review the uses of high-risk radiation sources and the feasibility of replacing them with lower risk alternatives. The study concludes that the U.S. government should consider factors such as potential economic consequences of misuse of the radiation sources into its assessments of risk. Although the committee found that replacements of most sources are possible, it is not economically feasible in some cases. The committee recommends that the U.S. government take steps to in the near term to replace radioactive cesium chloride radiation sources, a potential "dirty bomb" ingredient used in some medical and research equipment, with lower-risk alternatives. The committee further recommends that longer term efforts be undertaken to replace other sources. The book presents a number of options for making those replacements.

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