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      • Geography & the Environment
        June 2014

        Eco-History

        An Introduction to Biodiversity and Conservation

        by Ian Rotherham

        AN ACCESSIBLE INTRODUCTION TO BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND THE ECO-CULTURAL NATURE OF LANDSCAPES Key issues are addressed in short, focused chapters, supported by a detailed thousand-year timeline based on the British Isles. Rotherham is convinced that to conserve wildlife or ecology, and to heal the wounds of human impacts, we must understand our own history and how, over countless centuries, we have forged today’s ecologies from our impacts on, and utilisation of, nature. He argues that the interlinked concepts of biodiversity, nature conservation and of sustainability are too often mixed with notions of ‘wilderness’ and ‘nature’ and ‘naturalness’. Much of the biodiversity that we hope to conserve is the result of long-term interactions between people and nature. It is a ‘cultural ecology’, the product of the environment, history and tradition. Recognising that the landscapes around us are ‘eco-cultural’ not ‘natural’ is, Rotherham suggests, the key to understanding contemporary biodiversity and major challenges for ideas of future conservation and sustainability. The book introduces the background to humanity’s interactions with Nature and the forces at work in shaping today’s world. It is essential reading for anyone wishing to understand the nature of the global environmental crisis and how we got here. In particular, it will be a stimulating guide to students and teachers or lecturers from sixth form and college to university. It will also appeal to the ordinary wildlife enthusiast wishing understand the past, and to gain insight into what might be in store for the future.

      • Trusted Partner
        Geography & the Environment
        June 2022

        The Plasticology Project

        The chilling reality of our plastic pollution crisis and what we can do about it.

        by Dr Paul Harvey

        There IS something we can do - but we must do more NOW.From the deepest oceans to the highest mountains, from outer space to inside our bodies, plastic pollution is everywhere. Plastic has transformed almost every aspect of our lives, but at a huge cost to the planet and our future. In The Plasticology Project, environmental scientist Dr Paul Harvey reveals the disturbing extent of the plastic pollution problem the world is facing. Weaving together the latest science, international research, and first-hand experiences, The Plasticology Project is a broad, comprehensive analysis of global plastic pollution – how it spreads, the damage it causes, and the risk it poses to our health and wellbeing. Offering readers hope as well as warning, The Plasticology Project highlights the amazing work that is already being done to combat plastic pollution, and explores a wide range of practical steps we can take to be part of the solution at individual, community, and global levels. Informative and inspirational, this book is an urgent call to action for us all – it’s time to make a difference, become ambassadors for The Plasticology Project, and help reverse this plastic crisis.

      • Waste management
        January 1984

        Disposal of Industrial and Domestic Wastes

        Land and Sea Alternatives

        by Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Resources, National Research Council

        Can decision makers meaningfully compare land versus sea options for waste disposal? Using available scientific data on waste behavior and new studies from East and West Coast dump sites, this book shows how to use a matrix approach to rank the ecological and health consequences of any combination of waste, site, and disposal system design.

      • Waste management
        February 1985

        Reducing Hazardous Waste Generation

        An Evaluation and a Call for Action

        by Committee on Institutional Considerations in Reducing the Generation of Hazardous Industrial Wastes, Environmental Studies Board, National Research Council

        This is the first thorough exploration of how industry, government, and the public can use available nontechnical means to reduce significantly the amount of hazardous waste entering the environment. Among the approaches considered are modifications to avoid contaminating normal wastewater with hazardous by-products, education of management and engineering personnel about reuse and recycling, reform of regulations and enforcement procedures, and incentives for improvement in waste practices. A free digest of this volume accompanies each copy.

      • Waste management
        January 1984

        Social and Economic Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal

        Considerations for Institutional Management

        by Panel on Social and Economic Aspects of Radioactive Waste Management, Board on Radioactive Waste Management, National Research Council

        To complement the growing body of knowledge on the physical aspects of radioactive waste disposal, this new report identifies the ;ITsocioeconomic and institutional;IT policy issues that must be addressed in implementing the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. Site location, transportation modes, disposal schedules, regulatory systems, and the effects of these systems on the people living near the sites and along the transportation routes are addressed.

      • Waste management
        January 1986

        Hazards

        Technology and Fairness

        by National Academy of Engineering

        "In the burgeoning literature on technological hazards, this volume is one of the best," states Choice in a three-part approach, it addresses the moral, scientific, social, and commercial questions inherent in hazards management. Part I discusses how best to regulate hazards arising from chronic, low-level exposures and from low-probability events when science is unable to assign causes or estimate consequences of such hazards; Part II examines fairness in the distribution of risks and benefits of potentially hazardous technologies; and Part III presents practical lessons and cautions about managing hazardous technologies. Together, the three sections put hazard management into perspective, providing a broad spectrum of views and information.

      • Waste management
        February 1989

        Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea

        by Committee on Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants, Marine Board, National Research Council

        While major oil spills are rare, oil slicks can have disastrous environmental and economic consequences. This book summarizes research on the use of chemical dispersants: their effectiveness and limitations and the results of using them in different spill situations. Based on laboratory and field research as well as on actual case histories, this book contains a clear-cut set of recommendations for action, planning, and research. Of special interest is the chapter on the biological effects of oil itself and of oil treated with chemical dispersants.

      • Waste management
        January 1988

        Hazardous Waste Site Management

        Water Quality Issues

        by Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council

        Hazardous Waste Site Management addresses current methods used in the regulatory process with respect to water quality cleanup levels. Information and perspectives on the adequacy of these methods are provided by representatives from water utilities, industry, and environmental groups. Setting environmental standards, establishing and meeting ground-water protection goals, and specific approaches to setting goals are also fully examined.

      • Waste management
        January 1989

        Biosafety in the Laboratory

        Prudent Practices for Handling and Disposal of Infectious Materials

        by Committee on Hazardous Biological Substances in the Laboratory,National Research Council

        Biosafety in the Laboratory is a concise set of practical guidelines for handling and disposing of biohazardous material. The consensus of top experts in laboratory safety, this volume provides the information needed for immediate improvement of safety practices. It discusses high- and low-risk biological agents (including the highest-risk materials handled in labs today), presents the "seven basic rules of biosafety," addresses special issues such as the shipping of dangerous materials, covers waste disposal in detail, offers a checklist for administering laboratory safety--and more.

      • Waste management
        July 1996

        Review of New York State Low-Level Radioactive Waste Siting Process

        by Committee to Review New York State's Siting and Methodology Selection for Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal; Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources; National Research Council

        This book reviews the efforts of New York state to site a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility. It evaluates the nature, sources, and quality of the data, analyses, and procedures used by the New York State Siting Commission in its decisionmaking process, which identified five potential sites for low-level waste disposal. Finally, the committee offers a chapter highlighting the lessons in siting low-level radioactive waste facilities that can be learned from New York State's experience.

      • Waste management
        September 1996

        The Hanford Tanks

        Environmental Impacts and Policy Choices

        by Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council

        The Hanford Site (also known as the Hanford Reservation) occupies approximately 1,450 km2 (560 square miles) along the Columbia River in south-central Washington, north of the city of Richland. The site was established by the federal government in 1943 to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. Currently, the mission of the site, under the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is management of wastes generated by the weapons program and remediation of the environment contaminated by that waste. As part of that mission, DOE and the State of Washington Department of Ecology prepared the Hanford Site Tank Waste Remediation System Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS). The Hanford Tanks is a general review of the DEIS. Its findings and recommendations are the subject of this report. Selection of a disposition plan for these wastes is a decision of national importance, involving potential environmental and health risks, technical challenges, and costs of tens to hundreds of billions of dollars. The last comprehensive analysis of these issues was completed 10 years ago, and several major changes in plans have occurred since. Therefore, the current reevaluation is timely and prudent. This report endorses the decision to prepare this new environmental impact statement, and in particular the decision to evaluate a wide range of alternatives not restricted to those encouraged by current regulatory policies.

      • Waste management
        February 1997

        Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Energy's Alternatives for the Removal and Disposition of Molten Salt Reactor Experiment Fluoride Salts

        by Molten Salt Panel of the Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes, National Research Council

        This book discusses the technical alternatives for cleanup of radioactive fluoride salts that were the fuel for the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, a novel nuclear reactor design that was tested in the 1960s at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. These fluoride salts pose an unusual cleanup challenge. The book discusses alternatives for processing and removing the salts based on present knowledge of fluoride salt chemistry and nuclear reactions of the radioactive constituents.

      • Waste management
        March 1997

        Barrier Technologies for Environmental Management

        Summary of a Workshop

        by Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes, National Research Council

        To control the migration of radioactive and hazardous wastes currently contained underground, barriers made of natural materials and man-made substances are constructed atop, and possibly around, the contaminated area. Barrier Technologies for Environmental Management provides a brief summary of the key issues that arose during the Workshop on Barriers for Long-Term Isolation. Recurring themes from the session include the importance of quality control during installation, followed by periodic inspection, maintenance, and monitoring, and documentation of installation and performance data. The book includes papers by the workshop presenters.

      • Waste management
        October 1997

        Innovations in Ground Water and Soil Cleanup

        From Concept to Commercialization

        by Committee on Innovative Remediation Technologies, National Research Council

        Most books on ground water and soil cleanup address only the technologies themselves--not why new technologies are or are not developed. Innovations in Ground Water and Soil Cleanup takes a holistic approach to the entire field, addressing both the sluggish commercial development of ground water and soil cleanup technologies and the attributes of specific technologies. It warns that, despite cleanup expenditures of nearly $10 billion a year, the technologies remain rudimentary. This engaging book focuses on the failure of regulatory policy to link cleanup with the financial interests of the company responsible for the contamination. The committee explores why the market for remediation technology is uniquely lacking in economic drivers and why demand for innovation has been so much weaker than predicted. The volume explores how to evaluate the performance of cleanup technologies from the points of view of the public, regulators, cleanup entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders. The committee discusses approaches to standardizing performance testing, so that choosing a technology for a given site can be more timely and less contentious. Following up on Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup (NRC, 1994), this sequel presents the state of the art in the cleanup of various types of ground water and soil contaminants. Strategies for making valid cost comparisons also are reviewed.

      • Waste management
        January 1994

        Ranking Hazardous-Waste Sites for Remedial Action

        by Committee on Remedial Action Priorities for Hazardous Waste Sites, National Research Council

        The United States may not be able to make all hazardous-waste sites as clean as possible. Therefore, priorities must be set for the timing of waste site remediations. This book assesses several of the government's methods of ranking sites for remediation and compares the performance of three such models using input data developed from the same set of waste sites. Because inconsistent methods may be neither effective nor prudent, the book recommends that the government consider developing a unified national approach to setting priorities to replace the current multiple approaches.

      • Waste management
        July 1995

        Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards

        by Committee on Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards, National Research Council

        The United States currently has no place to dispose of the high-level radioactive waste resulting from the production of the nuclear weapons and the operation of nuclear electronic power plants. The only option under formal consideration at this time is to place the waste in an underground geologic repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. However, there is strong public debate about whether such a repository could protect humans from the radioactive waste that will be dangerous for many thousands of years. This book shows the extent to which our scientific knowledge can guide the federal government in developing a standard to protect the health of the public from wastes in such a repository at Yucca Mountain. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is required to use the recommendations presented in this book as it develops its standard.

      • Waste management
        March 1996

        Affordable Cleanup?

        Opportunities for Cost Reduction in the Decontamination and Decommissioning of the Nation's Uranium Enrichment Facilities

        by Committee on Decontamination and Decommissioning of Uranium Enrichment Facilities, National Research Council

        The Energy Policy Act of 1992 called on the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a study and provide recommendations for reducing the costs of decontaminating and decommissioning (D&D) the nation's uranium enrichment facilities located at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Raducah, Kentucky; and Portsmouth, Ohio. This volume examines the existing plans and cost estimates for the D&D of these facilities, including such elements as technologies, planning and management, and identifies approaches that could reduce D&D costs. It also assesses options for disposition of the large quantities of depleted uranium hexafluoride that are stored at these sites.

      • Waste management
        February 1992

        Nuclear Power

        Technical and Institutional Options for the Future

        by Committee on Future Nuclear Power Development, Energy Engineering Board, National Research Council

        The construction of nuclear power plants in the United States is stopping, as regulators, reactor manufacturers, and operators sort out a host of technical and institutional problems. This volume summarizes the status of nuclear power, analyzes the obstacles to resumption of construction of nuclear plants, and describes and evaluates the technological alternatives for safer, more economical reactors. Topics covered include Institutional issues--including regulatory practices at the federal and state levels, the growing trends toward greater competition in the generation of electricity, and nuclear and nonnuclear generation options. Critical evaluation of advanced reactors--covering attributes such as cost, construction time, safety, development status, and fuel cycles. Finally, three alternative federal research and development programs are presented.

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